What is the difference between active and passive immunisation

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Diphtheria Diphtheria has largely been eliminated in the United States since immunization became widespread. Passive Immunity: Natural vs. The History of Passive Immunization Antibodies were first used to treat disease in the late 19 th century as the field of bacteriology was emerging. Passive Immunization Today Today, patients may be treated with antibodies when they are ill with diphtheria or cytomegalovirus. Acquired or Adaptive Immunity. It is the third line of defense and produced in exposure to foreign substances.

It is a specific immune system that consists of highly specialised systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens and prevent its growth. It adapts to the type of threat that we are exposed to; it produces lymphocytes and antibodies during second exposure which are specific to pathogens when exposed to the first exposure. It is slower in the process but more potent than innate immunity. Immunological memory of the first encounter is produced while second exposure, thus lymphocytes and antibodies are present to eliminate pathogens.

SImilarly for subsequent exposures. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are two kinds of lymphocytes. Humoral immunity due to B-lymphocytes. Cellular immunity due to the T-lymphocytes. In Humoral immunity, B lymphocytes produce Antibodies that capture antigens present on the surface of bacteria or pathogens.

Antigen-specific antibodies are produced on the second exposure. T-lymphocytes consist of two major cells known as helper T cells that are known as CD4 cytotoxic and killer t cells known as CD8 cells. Speed of response It has a faster response. Side-effects It may consist of certain side-effects when it is given externally.

Examples- When a body is exposed to the pathogens in everyday life, passive immunity is triggered. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, B cells, a type of white blood cell, create antibodies that assist in destroying or neutralizing the disease agent.

Antibodies are y-shaped proteins that are capable of binding to sites on toxins or pathogens called antigens. Antibodies are disease-specific, meaning that each antibody protects the body from only one disease agent. For instance, antibodies produced when the body detects the virus that causes mumps will not provide any defense against cold or flu viruses. A diagram showing the different types of active and passive immunity. When B cells encounter a pathogen, they create memory cells in addition to antibodies.

Memory cells are a type of B cell produced following the primary infection that can recognize the pathogen. Memory cells can survive for decades, waiting within the body until the pathogen invades again. When the body is exposed to the pathogen for a second time, the immune response is more robust, quickly addressing the disease agent.

Immunity does not happen immediately upon disease exposure. It can take days or weeks after the first exposure for active immunity to develop. But once it does so, the protection can last an entire lifetime.